FEEL THE ELECTRICAL...

  @ MAGNETIC FORCE D;k gS \ Between two magnet attract or repel each other is called magnetic force. (attraction or repulsion is force). @ MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH D;k gS\ ;g ,d point ij fudkyk tkrk gSA Magnet ds ,d iksy dks ,d point ij j[kus ls og tks ml attraction show djrk gS mls magnet field strength   dgrs gSa ml IokbaV ij ( attraction or repulsion) @ Magnetic Flux D;k gS\ Total no. of magnetic lines in magnetic field is called magnetic flux. @ Lines of induction fdls dgrs gSa\ Magnet ds vanj Hkh FLUX Lines S pole   to N pole   dh vksj tkrh gSaA Flux lines ds lewg dks Lines of induction dgrs gSaaA tks mlesa mRiUUk gqvk gSA @ Saturation means D;k gksrk gS\ Tc fdlh iron dks magnet cukus ds fy;s DC or AC nsrs tkrs gSaA rks ,d   point ij mlds vanj pqEcdRo dk xq.k vk tkrk gS A fQj mlds ckn mls vkSj electricity (dc or ac)   nsus ij og vkSj vf/kd pqEcdh; izo`fÙk fodflr ugha gks ldrk rks mls mldk Saturation point cksyrs gSaaA @ Hysteresis Loss D;k gS

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY Metal   dh izfrjks/kdrk (resistivity) rki (temperature) c<+kus ls increase gksrh gS foijhr Hkh ,slk gh gksrk gSA dqN /kkrq (metal) vkSj chemical compound Hkh gSa ftldh resistivity 0 gks tkrh gS tc budk temperature 0 degree Kelvin (-273 degree C ) fd;k tkrk gSA bl stage ij metal ;k compound Superconductivity izkIr dj ysrs gSaA superconductivity dh [kkst Heike Kamerlingh Onnes us 1911 eaas fd;k FkkA T6he transition from normal   conductivity to superconductivity takes place almost suddenly it occurs   over a very cnarrow range of temperature about 0.05K this is called transition temperature. There are two types of superconductor---- Type 1( soft superconductor i.e metals) Type 2( hard superconductor , os tks metals with high value of resistivity ds /kkrqdeZ gksrs gSa ) ml rki ij ftl ij superconductivity izkIr gksrh gS og gS 20 K (-253 fMxzh lsYfl;l ) tks fd fuvksfc;e] tesZfu;e] vkSj ,Y;qfefu;e ds cus gksrs gSaA uksV – blds vykok vxj vki yk

PRIMARY BONDS 1. IONIC BONDS 2.COVALENT BONDS 3.METALLIC BONDS IONIC BONDS-    आयनिक  बांड  में  जालक  पोस्टिव और नेगेटिव  आयन का बना है os etcwr oS|qr LFkSfrd attraction ls ca/ks gksrs gSaA Nacl fØLVy esa nksuksa vkos’kkas ds ikl vf/kd pkTksZl gksrs gSaaA ftlls os vf/kd etcwrh ds lkFk ca/ks gksrs gSaA ftlls vk;fud ca/k bl otg ls cgqr gh etcwr gksrs gSaA etcwrh T;knk gS rks os brittle gksaxsA vxj mUgsa gFkkSM+s ls ihVk tk;s rks leku vkos’k ,d lkFk vk tkrs gSaA ftlls riplusion force gksus ls os fØLVy VwV tkrs gSaaA  Covalent bond- bl ca/k ls atom tkyd ls tqM+s jgrs gSaA These atom interlock by a network of covalent bond produce a cystal which is considered to be a single giant molecule. ftlls ;s ca/k etcwr gksrs gSaA vkSj budh xyukad vf/kd gksrk gSA oS|qr pkydrk ca/k ds etcwr gksus ls T;knk gksrh gSA vkorZ lkj.kh esa Åij ls uhps dh vksj tkus ij   c<+rh tkrh gSA  METALLIC BOND- The crystal consist of atoms present at the lattice site.The valence electron of